龙凤呈祥是什么生肖

Strict aliasing is an assumption, made by the C (or C++) compiler, that dereferencing pointers to objects of different types will never refer to the same memory location (i.e. alias eachother.)

Here are some basic examples of assumptions that may be made by the compiler when strict aliasing is enabled:

Pointers to different built in types do not alias:

  0int16_t* foo;
  1int32_t* bar;

The compiler will assume that *foo and *bar never refer to the same location.

Pointers to aggregate or union types with differing tags do not alias:

  0typedef struct
  1{
  2  uint16_t a;
  3  uint16_t b;
  4  uint16_t c;
  5} Foo;
  6
  7typedef struct
  8{
  9  uint16_t a;
 10  uint16_t b;
 11  uint16_t c;
 12} Bar;
 13
 14Foo* foo;
 15Bar* bar;

The compiler will assume that *foo and *bar never refer to the same location, even though the contents of the structures are the same.

Pointers to aggregate or union types which differ only by name may alias:

  0typedef struct
  1{
  2  uint16_t a;
  3  uint16_t b;
  4  uint16_t c;
  5} Foo;
  6
  7typedef Foo Bar;
  8
  9Foo* foo;
 10Bar* bar;

The compiler will assume that *foo and *bar may refer to the same location, and will not perform the optimizations decribed below.

When the compiler cannot assume that two object are not aliased, it must act very conservatively when accessing memory. For example:

  0typedef struct
  1{
  2  uint16_t a;
  3  uint16_t b;
  4  uint16_t c;
  5} Sample;
  6
  7void
  8test( uint32_t* values,
  9      Sample*   uniform,
 10      uint64_t  count )
 11{
 12  uint64_t i;
 13
 14  for (i=0;i<count;i++)
 15  {
 16    values[i] += (uint32_t)uniform->b;
 17  }
 18}

Compiled with -fno-strict-aliasing -O3 -std=c99 on the 64 bit build of GNU C version 3.4.1 (CELL 2.3, Jul 21 2005) (powerpc64-linux) for the Cell PPU.

  0test:
  1  li     10, 0      # i      = 0
  2  cmpld  7,  10, 5  # done   = (i==count)
  3  bgelr- 7          # if (done) return
  4  mtctr  5          # ctr    = count
  5.L8:
  6  sldi   11, 10, 2  # offset = i * 4
  7  lwz    9,  4(4)   # b      = *(uniform+4)
  8  addi   10, 10, 1  # i++
  9  lwzx   5,  11, 3  # value  = *(values+offset)
 10  add    0,  5,  9  # value  = value + b
 11  stwx   0,  11, 3  # *(values+offset) = value
 12  bdnz  .L8         # if (ctr--) goto .L8
 13  blr               # return

In this case uniform->b must be loaded during each iteration of the loop. This is because the compiler cannot be certain that values does not overlap b in memory. If, in fact, they do overlap, the programmer would expect that uniform->b would be properly updated and the values stored into the values array adjusted accordingly. The only method for the compiler to guarantee these results is reloading uniform->b at every iteration.

It was noted that this case is extremely uncommon in most code and the decision was made to presume objects of different types are not aliased and to be more aggresive with optimizations. It is certain the fact this presumption would break some existing code was discussed in detail. It must have been decided that those most likely to use memory aliasing techniques for optimization are are few and those that do use it are the most willing and capable of making the necessary changes.

The result, even for this small case, can make a significant performance impact. Compiled with -fstrict-aliasing -Wstrict-aliasing=2 -O3 -std=c99 on the 64 bit build of GNU C version 3.4.1 (CELL 2.3, Jul 21 2005) (powerpc64-linux) for the Cell PPU.

  0test:
  1  li     11,0     # i      = 0
  2  cmpld  7,11,5   # done   = (i == count)
  3  bgelr- 7        # if (done) return
  4  lhz    4,2(4)   # b      = uniform.b
  5  mtctr  5        # ctr    = count
  6.L8:
  7  sldi   9,11,2   # offset = i * 4
  8  addi   11,11,1  # i++
  9  lwzx   5,9,3    # value  = *(values+offset)
 10  add    0,5,4    # value  = value + b
 11  stwx   0,9,3    # *(values+offset) = value
 12  bdnz   .L8      # if (ctr--) goto .L8
 13  blr             # return

The load of b is now only done once, outside the loop. For more examples of optimizations for non-aliasing memory see: Demystifying The Restrict Keyword Aliases are permitted for types that only differ by qualifier or sign.

  0uint32_t
  1test( uint32_t a )
  2{
  3  uint32_t* const       a0 = &a;
  4  uint32_t* volatile    a1 = &a;
  5  int32_t*              a2 = (int32_t*)&a;
  6  int32_t* const        a3 = (int32_t*)&a;
  7  int32_t* volatile     a4 = (int32_t*)&a;
  8  const int32_t* const  a5 = (int32_t*)&a;
  9
 10  (*a0)++;
 11  (*a1)++;
 12  (*a2)++;
 13  (*a3)++;
 14  (*a4)++;
 15
 16  return (*a5);
 17}

In this case a0-a5 are all valid aliases of a and this function will return (a + 5). The most commonly accepted method of converting one type of object to another is by using a union type as in this example:

  0typedef union
  1{
  2  uint32_t u32;
  3  uint16_t u16[2];
  4}
  5U32;
  6
  7uint32_t
  8swap_words( uint32_t arg )
  9{
 10  U32      in;
 11  uint16_t lo;
 12  uint16_t hi;
 13
 14  in.u32    = arg;
 15  hi        = in.u16[0];
 16  lo        = in.u16[1];
 17  in.u16[0] = lo;
 18  in.u16[1] = hi;
 19
 20  return (in.u32);
 21}

This method is not properly called casting at all (although it may be called type-punning) as the value is simplied copied into a union which permits aliasing among its members. From a performance point of view, this method relies on the ability of the optimizer to remove the redundant stores and loads. When using recent versions of GCC, if the transformation is reasonably simple, it is very likely that the compiler will be able to remove the redundancies and produce an optimal code sequence.
For example, when compiled with GNU C version 4.0.0 (Apple Computer, Inc. build 5026) (powerpc-apple-darwin8), the argument is simply rotated 16 bits.

  0swap_words:
  1  rlwinm r3,r3,16,0xffffffff
  2  blr

When compiled with -fstrict-aliasing -O3 -Wstrict-aliasing -std=c99 on GNU C version 3.4.1 (CELL 2.3, Jul 21 2005) (powerpc64-linux) for the Cell PPU, the loads and stores are removed but the instruction sequence is less than optimal.

  0swap_words:
  1  slwi    4,3,16     ; hi    = arg << 16
  2  rldicl  3,3,48,48  ; lo    = arg >> 16
  3  or      0,4,3      ; out   = hi | lo;
  4  rldicl  3,0,0,32   ; final = out & 0xffffffff
  5  blr

In order to generate reasonably good code across both the GCC3 and GCC4 families, use C99 style intializers:

  0uint32_t
  1swap_words( uint32_t arg )
  2{
  3  U32    in  = { .u32=arg };
  4  U32    out = { .u16[0]=in.u16[1], 
  5                 .u16[1]=in.u16[0] };
  6
  7  return (out.u32);
  8}

Compiled with -fstrict-aliasing -O3 -Wstrict-aliasing -std=c99 on the 32 bit build of GNU C version 3.4.1 (CELL 2.3, Jul 21 2005) (powerpc64-linux) for the Cell PPU.

  0swap_words:
  1  stwu 1,-16(1)              ; Push stack
  2  rlwinm 3,3,16,0xffffffff   ; Rotate 16 bits
  3  addi 1,1,16                ; Pop stack
  4  blr

Casting proper may be done between a pointer to a type and a pointer to an aggregate or union type which contains a member of a compatible type, as in the following example:

  0uint32_t
  1swap_words( uint32_t arg )
  2{
  3  U32*     in = (U32*)&arg;
  4  uint16_t lo = in->u16[0];
  5  uint16_t hi = in->u16[1];
  6
  7  in->u16[0] = hi;
  8  in->u16[1] = lo;
  9
 10  return (in->u32);
 11}

in is a pointer to a U32 type, which contains the member u32 which is of type uint32_t which is compatible with arg, which is also of type uint32_t. Compiled with -fstrict-aliasing -O3 -Wstrict-aliasing -std=c99 on GNU C version 4.0.0 (Apple Computer, Inc. build 5026) (powerpc-apple-darwin8),

  0swap_words:
  1  stw r3,24(r1)  ; Store arg
  2  lhz r0,24(r1)  ; Load hi
  3  lhz r2,26(r1)  ; Load lo
  4  sth r0,26(r1)  ; Store result[1] = hi
  5  sth r2,24(r1)  ; Store result[0] = lo
  6  lwz r3,24(r1)  ; Load result
  7  blr            ; Return

GCC is extremely poor at combining loads and stores done through a pointer to a union type as can be seen from the generated code above. The output is a very naive interpretation of the source and would perform badly compared to the previous examples on most architectures.

However, once this fact is accounted for, this method can be very useful. Rather than copying the argument by value, which is problematic on large or complex structures, a pointer can be passed in and the value modified directly. If the loads and stores can be combined in the source the results will usually be excellent.

  0uint16_t*
  1swap_words( uint16_t* arg )
  2{
  3  U32*     combined = (U32*)arg;
  4  uint32_t start    = combined->u32;
  5  uint32_t lo       = start >> 16;
  6  uint32_t hi       = start << 16;
  7  uint32_t final    = lo | hi;
  8
  9  combined->u32 = final;
 10}

Compiled with -fstrict-aliasing -O3 -Wstrict-aliasing -std=c99 on GNU C version 4.0.0 (Apple Computer, Inc. build 5026) (powerpc-apple-darwin8),

  0swap_words:
  1  lwz r0,0(r3)                ; Load arg
  2  rlwinm r0,r0,16,0xffffffff  ; Rotate 16 bits
  3  stw r0,0(r3)                ; Store arg
  4  blr                         ; Return

  0static inline void
  1swap_words( uint16_t* arg )
  2{
  3  U32*     combined = (U32*)arg;
  4  uint32_t start    = combined->u32;
  5  uint32_t lo       = start >> 16;
  6  uint32_t hi       = start << 16;
  7  uint32_t final    = lo | hi;
  8
  9  combined->u32 = final;
 10}

Occasionally a programmer may encounter the following INVALID method for creating an alias with a pointer of a different type:

  0typedef union 
  1{
  2  uint16_t* sp; 
  3  uint32_t* wp;
  4} U32P;
  5
  6uint32_t 
  7swap_words( uint32_t arg )
  8{
  9  U32P             in = { .wp = &arg };
 10  const uint16_t   hi = in.sp[0];
 11  const uint16_t   lo = in.sp[1];
 12  
 13  in.sp[0] = lo;
 14  in.sp[1] = hi;
 15
 16  return ( arg ); <-- RESULT IS UNDEFINED
 17} 

The problem with this method is although U32P does in fact say that sp is an alias for wp, it does not say anything about the relationship between the values pointed to by sp and wp. This differs in a critical way from "Casting Through a Union (1)" and "Casting Through a Union (2)" which both define aliases for the values being pointed to, not the pointers themselves.

The presumption of strict aliasing remains true: Two pointers of different types are assumed, except in a few very limited conditions specified in the C99 standard, not to alias. This is not one of those exceptions. For example, when compiled with -fstrict-aliasing -O3 -Wstrict-aliasing -std=c99 on GNU C version 4.0.0 (Apple Computer, Inc. build 5026) (powerpc-apple-darwin8),

  0swap_words:      ; RETURNS ARG UNCHANGED
  1  lhz r0,24(r1)  ; Load lo from stack (What value?!)
  2  lhz r2,26(r1)  ; Load hi from stack (What value?!)
  3  stw r3,24(r1)  ; Store arg to stack
  4  sth r0,26(r1)  ; Store hi to stack
  5  sth r2,24(r1)  ; Store lo to stack
  6  blr            ; Return

In this case notice that because hi, lo and arg are assumed not to alias, the resulting order of instruction has no value:

• [Line 1]: lo is loaded from the stack before anything is stored to the stack
• [Line 2]: hi is loaded from the stack before anything is stored to the stack
• [Line 3]: arg is stored to the stack, but this value will not be read.
• [Line 4]: hi is stored to the stack, but this value will not be read.
• [Line 5]: lo is stored to the stack, but this value will not be read.

Or when compiled with -fstrict-aliasing -O3 -Wstrict-aliasing -std=c99 on the 64 bit build of GNU C version 3.4.1 (CELL 2.3, Jul 21 2005) (powerpc64-linux) for the Cell PPU.

  0swap_words:     # RETURNS ARG UNCHANGED
  1  stw 3,48(1)   # Store arg to stack
  2  lhz 9,48(1)   # Load hi
  3  lhz 0,50(1)   # Load lo
  4  lwz 3,48(1)   # Load arg
  5  sth 0,48(1)   # Store hi to stack
  6  sth 9,50(1)   # Store lo to stack
  7  blr           # Return

Or when compiled with -fstrict-aliasing -O3 -Wstrict-aliasing -std=c99 on the 32 bit build of GNU C version 3.4.1 (CELL 2.3, Jul 21 2005) (powerpc64-linux) for the Cell PPU.

  0swap_words:     # RETURNS ARG UNCHANGED
  1  stwu 1,-16(1) # Push stack
  2  addi 1,1,16   # Pop stack
  3  blr           # Return 

It is always presumed that a char* may refer to an alias of any object. It is therefore quite safe, if perhaps a bit unoptimal (for architecture with wide loads and stores) to cast any pointer of any type to a char* type.

  0uint32_t 
  1swap_words( uint32_t arg )
  2{
  3  char* const cp = (char*)&arg;
  4  const char  c0 = cp[0];
  5  const char  c1 = cp[1];
  6  const char  c2 = cp[2];
  7  const char  c3 = cp[3];
  8
  9  cp[0] = c2;
 10  cp[1] = c3;
 11  cp[2] = c0;
 12  cp[3] = c1;
 13
 14  return (arg);
 15} 

The converse is not true. Casting a char* to a pointer of any type other than a char* and dereferencing it is usually in volation of the strict aliasing rule.

  0uint32_t
  1test( uint32_t arg )
  2{
  3  char*     const cp = (char*)&arg;
  4  uint16_t* const sp = (uint16_t*)cp;
  5
  6  sp[0] = 0x0001;
  7  sp[1] = 0x0002;
  8
  9  return (arg);
 10}

When compiled with -fstrict-aliasing -O3 -Wstrict-aliasing -std=c99 on the 64 bit build of GNU C version 3.4.1 (CELL 2.3, Jul 21 2005) (powerpc64-linux) for the Cell PPU.

  0test:
  1  stw 3, 48(1)   # arg stored to stack
  2  li  0, 1       # hi = 0x0001
  3  li  9, 2       # lo = 0x0002
  4  lwz 3, 48(1)   # result = loaded from stack
  5  sth 0, 48(1)   # store hi to stack
  6  sth 9, 50(1)   # store lo to stack
  7  blr            # return (result) <-- RETURNS ARG UNCHANGED

As noted by Pinskla it is not deferencing a char* per se that is specifically recognized as a potential alias of any object, but any address referring to a char object. This includes an array of char objects, as in the following example which will also break the strict aliasing assumption.

  0  char      const cp[4] = { arg0, arg1, arg2, arg3 };
  1  uint16_t* const sp    = (uint16_t*)cp;
  2
  3  sp[0] = 0x0001;
  4  sp[1] = 0x0002;

GCC allows type-punned values to be deferenced at independent locations in memory (i.e. different objects) when the source of the lvalue is not directly known.

  0void
  1set_value( uint64_t* c, 
  2           uint32_t  a_val, 
  3           uint16_t  b_val ) 
  4{
  5  uint32_t* a = (uint32_t*)c;
  6  uint16_t* b = (uint16_t*)c;
  7  
  8  a[0] = a_val; // <--- Address of c + 0
  9  b[2] = b_val; // <--- Address of c + 4
 10  b[3] = b_val; // <--- Address of c + 6
 11}

When compiled with -fstrict-aliasing -O3 -Wstrict-aliasing -std=c99 on the 64 bit build of GNU C version 3.4.1 (CELL 2.3, Jul 21 2005) (powerpc64-linux) for the Cell PPU.

  0set_value:
  1  stw 4,0(3)   # (c+0) = a_val
  2  sth 5,6(3)   # (c+6) = b_val
  3  sth 5,4(3)   # (c+4) = b_val
  4  blr          # return (c)

Note any use of c[0] here would be (more?) undefined because it would alias the uses of a and b.

  0void
  1set_value( uint64_t* c, 
  2           uint32_t  a_val, 
  3           uint16_t  b_val ) 
  4{
  5  uint32_t* a = (uint32_t*)c;
  6  uint16_t* b = (uint16_t*)c;
  7  
  8  a[0] = a_val; // < Address of c + 0
  9  b[2] = b_val; // < Address of c + 4
 10  b[3] = b_val; // < Address of c + 6
 11  
 12  // WHAT VALUE THIS WOULD PRINT IS UNDEFINED
 13  printf("c = 0x%08x\n", c[0] ); 
 14}

However, when set_value is compiled inline (perhaps automatically), the source of c may be known and GCC will assume the values do not alias and may reduce the expression differently and generate completely different code.

  0static inline void
  1set_value( uint64_t* c, 
  2           uint32_t  a_val, 
  3           uint16_t  b_val ) 
  4{
  5  uint32_t* a = (uint32_t*)c;
  6  uint16_t* b = (uint16_t*)c;
  7  
  8  a[0] = a_val; // <--- Address of c + 0
  9  b[2] = b_val; // <--- Address of c + 4
 10  b[3] = b_val; // <--- Address of c + 6
 11}

  0int64_t
  1test( int64_t  a
  2     ,int64_t  b
  3     ,uint32_t hi32
  4     ,uint16_t lo16 )
  5{
  6  int64_t c = a + b;
  7
  8  set_value( &c, hi32, lo16 );
  9
 10  return (c);
 11}

When compiled with -fstrict-aliasing -O3 -Wstrict-aliasing -std=c99 on the 64 bit build of GNU C version 3.4.1 (CELL 2.3, Jul 21 2005) (powerpc64-linux) for the Cell PPU.

  0test:
  1  add 3,3,4    # c = (a+b)
  2  blr          # return (c)

In this case because the object c is never accessed through any valid aliases in set_value, the expression is reduced out. Perhaps surprisingly, illegal aliasing within a loop generates completely different results. It is probably not completely accidental though, as most of the historical arguments against strict aliasing have revolved around optimized versions of functions like memset and memcpy which would cast the data to the widest available register size to minimize the trips to and from memory.

  0void
  1set_value( uint64_t* c,
  2           uint32_t  a_val,
  3           uint16_t  b_val,
  4           uint32_t  count )
  5{
  6  uint32_t* a  = (uint32_t*)c;
  7  uint16_t* b  = (uint16_t*)c;
  8  uint32_t  i  = 0;
  9
 10  for (i=0;i<count;i++,a++,b+=2)
 11  {
 12    a[0]  = a_val;
 13    b[2]  = b_val;
 14    b[3]  = b_val;
 15  }
 16}

As expected from the previous example above, this should still generate the "expected" result:

When compiled with -fstrict-aliasing -O3 -Wstrict-aliasing -std=c99 on the 32 bit build of GNU C version 3.4.1 (CELL 2.3, Jul 21 2005) (powerpc64-linux) for the Cell PPU.

  0set_value:
  1  cmpwi 0, 6, 0   # done = (count == 0)
  2  stwu  1, -16(1) # Push stack
  3  mr    9, 3      # Copy c
  4  beq-  0, .L7    # if (done) goto .L7
  5  mtctr 6         # i = count
  6.L8:
  7  stw   4, 0(9)   # a[0] = a_val
  8  addi  9, 9, 4   # a++
  9  sth   5, 4(3)   # b[2] = b_val
 10  sth   5, 6(3)   # b[3] = b_val
 11  addi  3, 3, 4   # b+=2
 12  bdnz  .L8       # if (i) goto .L8
 13.L7:
 14  addi  1, 1, 16  # Pop stack
 15  blr             # return

When called inline, the previous example would suggest that the compiler, assuming c is not aliased would also return (a + b):

  0int64_t
  1test_loop( int64_t  a,
  2           int64_t  b,
  3           uint32_t hi32,
  4           uint16_t lo16,
  5           uint32_t count )
  6{
  7  static int64_t c[ C_COUNT ];
  8
  9  c[0] = a + b;
 10
 11  set_value( c, hi32, lo16, count );
 12
 13  return (c[0]);
 14}

When compiled with -fstrict-aliasing -O3 -Wstrict-aliasing -std=c99 on the 32 bit build of GNU C version 3.4.1 (CELL 2.3, Jul 21 2005) (powerpc64-linux) for the Cell PPU.

  0test_loop:
  1  lis   12, c.0@ha      # cloc     = location of c
  2  mr.   0,  9           # i        = count
  3  la    11, c.0@l(12)   # c        = *cloc
  4  addc  10, 4, 6        # c1       = addlo (a,b)
  5  adde  9,  3, 5        # c2       = addhi (a,b)
  6  stwu  1, -16(1)       # Push stack
  7  stw   9,  0(11)       # c[0].hi  = c2
  8  mr    6,  11          # a        = c
  9  stw   10, 4(11)       # c[0].lo  = c1
 10  mr    9,  11          # b        = c
 11  beq-  0,  .L19        # if (i==0) goto .L19
 12  mtctr 0               # i        = count
 13.L20:
 14  stw   7,  0(9)        # a[0]     = hi32
 15  addi  9,  9, 4        # a++
 16  sth   8,  4(6)        # b[2]     = lo16
 17  sth   8,  6(6)        # b[3]     = lo16
 18  addi  6,  6, 4        # b+=2
 19  bdnz  .L20            # if (i) goto .L20
 20.L19:
 21  la    9,  c.0@l(12)   # c        = *cloc
 22  addi  1,  1, 16       # Pop stack
 23  lwz   3,  0(9)        # result.hi = c[0].hi
 24  lwz   4,  4(9)        # result.lo = c[0].lo
 25  blr                   # return (result)

The result is clearly different from the original version without the loop.

It is not the existance of the loop in the source that changes the transformation, but rather the existance of a loop after the initial optimization passes. For example, GCC is fairly good at optimizing (unrolling) loops with a fixed iteration count. Examine the following example:

  0int64_t
  1test_noloop( int64_t  a,
  2             int64_t  b,
  3             uint32_t hi32,
  4             uint16_t lo16 )
  5{
  6  int64_t c = a + b;
  7
  8  set_value( &c, hi32, lo16, 1 );
  9
 10  return (c);
 11}

It wouldn't be completely outrageous to expect the above example to generate similar, albeit unrolled, code. That is unless you know to expect simple loop transformations to be done fairly early in the compilation process and alias analysis to be done later. When compiled with -fstrict-aliasing -O3 -Wstrict-aliasing -std=c99 on the 32 bit build of GNU C version 3.4.1 (CELL 2.3, Jul 21 2005) (powerpc64-linux) for the Cell PPU.

  0test_noloop:      # <--- RETURNS (A+B)
  1  stwu 1,-16(1)   # Push stack
  2  addc 4,4,6      # c.lo = addlo(a,b)
  3  adde 3,3,5      # c.hi = addhi(a,b)
  4  addi 1,1,16     # Pop stack
  5  blr             # return (c)

What is surprising is that the 64 bit build of the same version of the same compiler generates different results. When compiled with -fstrict-aliasing -O3 -Wstrict-aliasing -std=c99 on the 64 bit build of GNU C version 3.4.1 (CELL 2.3, Jul 21 2005) (powerpc64-linux) for the Cell PPU.

  0test_loop:
  1  li     10, 0           # i = 0
  2  cmplw  7,  10, 7       # done = (i==count)
  3  add    4,  3, 4        # sum  = a + b
  4  ld     3,  .LC0@toc(2) # cloc = location of c
  5  std    4,  0(3)        # c[0] = sum
  6  mr     9,  3           # a    = c
  7  mr     11, 3           # b    = c
  8  bge-   7,  .L18        # if (done) goto .L18
  9.L22:
 10  addi   0,  10, 1       # i++
 11  stw    5,  0(11)       # a[0] = hi32
 12  rldicl 10, 0, 0, 32    # i    = i & 0xffffffff
 13  sth    6,  4(9)        # b[2] = lo16
 14  sth    6,  6(9)        # b[3] = lo16
 15  cmplw  7,  10, 7       # done = (i==count)
 16  addi   11, 11, 4       # a++
 17  addi   9,  9, 4        # b+= 2
 18  blt+   7,  .L22        # if (!done) goto .L22
 19.L18:
 20  ld     3,0(3)          # result = c[0]
 21  blr                    # return (result)

This indicates that there are significant non-obvious side-effects to building GCC as 32 bits versus 64 bits that someone might want to look into. This article has been pretty relaxed with the use of terminology and there is always room for some interpretation when reading a standard. There are many additional cases not covered above and compiler specific issues to consider. But for those interested in up-to-date definitive information on the C standard refer to ISO/IEC 9899:TC2 [open-std.org]. Here is the most relevant text from section "6.5 Expressions":

• Strict aliasing means that two objects of different types cannot refer to the same location in memory. Enable this option in GCC with the -fstrict-aliasing flag. Be sure that all code can safely run with this rule enabled. Enable strict aliasing related warnings with -Wstrict-aliasing, but do not expect to be warned in all cases.
• In order to discover aliasing problems as quickly as possible, -fstrict-aliasing should always be included in the compilation flags for GCC. Otherwise problems may only be visible at the highest optimization levels where it is the most difficult to debug.